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Deadlock - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Both processes need resources to continue execution. P1 requires additional resource R1 and is in possession of resource R2, P2 requires additional resource R2 and is in possession of R1; neither process can continue. A deadlock occurs when all processes lock the resource simultaneously (black lines).
The deadlock can be resolved by breaking the symmetry. In concurrent computing, a deadlock occurs when two competing actions wait for the other to finish, and thus neither ever does. If a process is unable to change its state indefinitely because the resources requested by it are being used by another waiting process, then the system is said to be in a deadlock. In general, there is a set of waiting processes, P = . Most approaches work by preventing one of the four Coffman conditions from occurring, especially the fourth one. This is also an application of the Ostrich algorithm. Then the state of the system is examined to detect that a deadlock has occurred and subsequently it is corrected.
An algorithm is employed that tracks resource allocation and process states, it rolls back and restarts one or more of the processes in order to remove the detected deadlock. Detecting a deadlock that has already occurred is easily possible since the resources that each process has locked and/or currently requested are known to the resource scheduler of the operating system. One could choose to abort all competing processes involved in the deadlock. This proves impossible for resources that cannot be spooled. But even with spooled resources, deadlock could still occur. Algorithms that avoid mutual exclusion are called non- blocking synchronization algorithms.
The hold and wait or resource holding conditions may be removed by requiring processes to request all the resources they will need before starting up (or before embarking upon a particular set of operations). This advance knowledge is frequently difficult to satisfy and, in any case, is an inefficient use of resources. Another way is to require processes to request resources only when it has none. Thus, first they must release all their currently held resources before requesting all the resources they will need from scratch.
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This too is often impractical. It is so because resources may be allocated and remain unused for long periods. Also, a process requiring a popular resource may have to wait indefinitely, as such a resource may always be allocated to some process, resulting in resource starvation. However, inability to enforce preemption may interfere with a priority algorithm.
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Algorithms that allow preemption include lock- free and wait- free algorithms and optimistic concurrency control. If a process holding some resources and requests for some another resource(s) that cannot be immediately allocated to it, the condition may be removed by releasing all the currently being held resources of that process. The final condition is the circular wait condition.
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Approaches that avoid circular waits include disabling interrupts during critical sections and using a hierarchy to determine a partial ordering of resources. If no obvious hierarchy exists, even the memory address of resources has been used to determine ordering and resources are requested in the increasing order of the enumeration. This term was defined formally at some time during the 1.
If more than one process takes action, the deadlock detection algorithm can be repeatedly triggered. This can be avoided by ensuring that only one process (chosen arbitrarily or by priority) takes action. Distributed deadlocks can be detected either by constructing a global wait- for graph from local wait- for graphs at a deadlock detector or by a distributed algorithm like edge chasing. Phantom deadlocks are deadlocks that are falsely detected in a distributed system due to system internal delays but don't actually exist.
For example, if a process releases a resource R1 and issues a request for R2, and the first message is lost or delayed, a coordinator (detector of deadlocks) could falsely conclude a deadlock (if the request for R2 while having R1 would cause a deadlock). See also. Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing. Retrieved 2. 8 January 2. Operating System Principles (7th ed.). Retrieved 2. 9 January 2. Invitation to Computer Science.
Retrieved 2. 8 January 2. Operating System Principles (7 ed.). Retrieved 2. 9 January 2. Intro To Embedded Systems (1st ed.). Tata Mc. Graw- Hill Education. Retrieved 2. 8 January 2.
Operating System Principles (7 ed.). Retrieved 2. 9 January 2.
Principles of operating systems (1st ed.). Retrieved 2. 8 January 2. Distributed Operating Systems (1st ed.). Retrieved 2. 8 January 2. Operating System Principles (7 ed.). Retrieved 2. 9 January 2.
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review. London: University College London. Bensalem, Saddek; Fernandez, Jean- Claude; Havelund, Klaus; Mounier, Laurent (2. Proceedings of the 2. Parallel and distributed systems: Testing and debugging.
Coffman, Edward G., Jr.; Elphick, Michael J.; Shoshani, Arie (1. ACM Computing Surveys. Mogul, Jeffrey C.; Ramakrishnan, K.
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems. Holliday, Jo. Anne L.; El Abbadi, Amr. Encyclopedia of Distributed Computing. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ACM Computing Surveys. Ling, Yibei; Chen, Shigang; Chiang, Jason (2. IEEE Transactions on Computers.